Nationalism has proved itself as one of strong ideology that binds people together into a separate political community. Nationalism can be identified as a feeling of togetherness that separates between "us" and "them." Countries described in connection with a society and in relation to the loyalty of the individual to society.
Nationalism is a political ideology which flourished in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. nationalism is a tool to gain political power by certain groups and political organizations on the basis of new principles, particularly regarding participation. Hugh Seton Watson mendefinikan nationalism as a policy that creates awareness of national politics within a society, and Watson intends to direct the public to new leaders and new social forces. Nationalism is an ideology that leads to uniformity in terms of an agreement on the basis of a strong desire and identifying symbols.
it signifies the ethnic nationalities and cultural identities based on common values. State is a political organization which holds supreme power and running through the deputies sector in the region. Different nation-states with a national (not state) and state (not necessarily based on a common nationality), which leads to two terms of state and nationhood.
Target factor of nationality and nationalism can be seen from the general characteristics associated with: language, religion, consciousness and the desire to maintain the history and tradition, the local authority. Another opinion says the goal of nationalism is a religion, language, race, ethnicity, history, and regional powers.
However nationalism will only become an ideology and a movement if it translates into a desire to create a state. Nationalism link factor is a desire and purpose. nationalism, state the truth (intension) of the national targets for particular political purposes, ie, declare their uniqueness and their keunggulanan. And not just the desire to live together but also the desire to have a government. The desire for self-determination of a nation merukan reason for forming the state.
In the name of nationalism and the desire for self-determination of some old political organization and empires fall, for example, and the Austro Hungarian empire fell because of the strength Otoman the nationalist movement. Examples include the transport nationalists: the French revolution that occurred in 1789 which resulted in diakuianya sovereignty of peoples and nations. After the fall of French monarchy in 1792, the French revolution quickly made patriotism increases. Rituals, National festivals, symbols, national songs all be used to enhance solidarity among the people of France. Similarly, the National education system used to teach and enhance the values of patriotism. every effort made to eliminate the language and regional particularism toward cultural unity, regional integration, and convergence. the last stage in a revolution that is creating a desire to liberate people by dropping their government. French nationalism that came with the French Revolution is a manifestation of broken ideologies and traditions of the past. It is trying to adjust back to society and to formulate a new nation. Nationalism reacted argument is strengthened not only by race and lineage, but also by culture.
In the United States, a statement of nationalism seen in the form of a republic and appear in the constitution. American nationalism is political. Which means there are in the constitution and addressed to individual rights. intended for the loyalty of its citizens.
Nationalism from time to time to develop. The first wave is the affirmation of French as a nation-state and spread throughout Europe. The second wave appears at the end of world war one, in which many kingdoms broke menjadu independent states. The third wave came the end of two world wars and following the previous nationalist movements. And the fourth wave of nationalism associated with the fall of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. The fourth wave is called ethnonationalism (ethnonasionalisme), which is an ideology which is a continuation and a continuation of earlier nationalist movements, borrowed from the same vocabulary, the demand of real tribal groups who live / lived in a status free themselves by stating their identity to try and to translate into political autonomy or sovereignty of the political. They all try to translate it into several formats nationality status as a state.
In the Marxist view of nationalism one of the many ideological tool used by the capitalist class to confuse workers and to reduce them from their revolutionary mission. And nationalism described as the opiate of the people. This gives workers a false ideology and a false sense of identity as opposed to their interests is to abolish capitalism and to establish a world socialist proletariat.
Etnonasionalis separatist movement in the United States occurred during 1808 when black people into slavery, where they do not have rights under law, have no wealth, no education and skills. Civil war lead them to political emancipation. But after it was discriminatory and equipment developed. They do not input into the American liberal. Eventually, their population grew.
They are the reason for the sepatisme:
The lack of access to education for blacks
Not having a place to live that is rightfully theirs
Their language differs from the commonly used language, namely English
After developing the economy and the format is complete discrimination, blacks appear little by little into a powerful social force.
Figures of the black nationalist Marcus Garvey is one of them (1887-1940), his platform supports the position of the Negro as part of an independent state, race consciousness, can determine their own destiny, and able to help and respect for his own race. Another figure is Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X with the black Muslim organization that grew into the blacj Panthers.
There are some new ideology that can accommodate nationalism and attack back. Here are described some of them. Cosmopolitanisme is as an ideology and become the opposite of nationalism. This refers to that we are all citizens of the world. Literally, "cosmopolis" berartilah a world-city or a world-state, from the word cosmos means the universe (world) and the policy meant the city. Cosmopolitanisme an ideology based on common values that are universal is obtained naturally by humans, but do not separate between the nationality or country. They can exist side by side under the rules and common standards that have been established which apply to all individuals and countries to guide their relations on the basis of equality. A general law, for example, an international law binding on all, or general political authority, or an international organization roughly like the UN., That offers orders and settlement of disputes concerning the protection and rights of all, without depending on individual, racial, cultural or national differences. Cosmopolitanism consider many cultures and many nationalities to coexist, but in a sense the last and the end only one law, one policy / city, one country.
The author states that a region consists of a number of countries where there is a common practice and various forms of communication such as personal relationships and a strong economy. And assumed that in the areas of communication or relationship entered into between the state sector in a region will promote cooperation and the values of these areas, also avoid conflicts among nations. Relationship is also assumed that the values of regional and regional institutional arrangements can replace the national unity and lead to regional institutions and regional loyalties. But this has not happened. if we look at the period of World War II, the country's individual efforts to build regional organizations, institutions, ideologies and regional loyalties original, but failed. There is no ideology to replace the growing regional nationalism. In-country European countries have close ties to the strong, few of its citizens are concerned with European regional organizations in the state of their own. With their reason lebis faithful to their own countries. There have been several attempts of European intellectuals and the "adherents of the federal principle" to promote a doctrine and ideas that transcend national boundaries, but it failed to run up until now. Even religious leaders failed to unite islampun unity arab nations.